Publications

This document contains the references to all the publications about SPAR Ontologies. Please note that only the ontologies that are described in at least an accepted publication are listed. For each of them, there is an indication of the main publication for citing such ontology in scholarly papers. Please use these references if you want to refer to a particular SPAR Ontology in your works.

However, some of the ontologies can be also discussed in secondary publications, which usually focus on describing specific aspects regarding such ontologies. If you want to cite the whole suite of ontologies, you should use the reference specified in the appropriate Semantic Publishing and Referencing (SPAR) Ontologies section.

Table of contents

  1. Semantic Publishing and Referencing (SPAR) Ontologies
  2. BiDO: Bibliometric Data Ontology
  3. BiRO: Bibliographic Reference Ontology
  4. C4O: Citation Count and Context Characterization Ontology
  5. CiTO: Citation Typing Ontology
  6. DEO: Discourse Elements Ontology
  7. DoCO: Document Components Ontology
  8. FaBiO: FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology
  9. Five*: Five Stars of Online Research Articles Ontology
  10. FR: FAIR* Reviews Ontology
  11. PRO: Publishing Roles Ontology
  12. PSO: Publishing Status Ontology
  13. PWO: Publishing Workflow Ontology

Semantic Publishing and Referencing (SPAR) Ontologies

Main publication
Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2018). The SPAR Ontologies. In Proceedings of the 17th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2018): 119-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00668-6_8

This article is the first to present a bird-eye view of the whole suite of [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies), and will be used from now on as the canonical way for citing the SPAR Ontologies.

Secondary publication
Bagnacani, A., Ciancarini, P., Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Vitali, F. (2015). Knowledge management of scholarly products: Semantic Lancet Project. In Proceedings of 16th European Conference on Knowledge Management (ECKM 2015). Reading, UK: Academic Conferences and Publishing International. Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/bagnacani-in-press-knowledge-management-scholarly.pdf

This conference paper describes the use of [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies) within the [Semantic Lancet project](http://www.semanticlancet.eu).

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Giannella, R., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F. (2015). Exploring scholarly papers through citations. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng 2015): 107-116. New York, New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2682571.2797065 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/di-iorio-in-press-exploring-scholarly-papers.pdf

This conference paper describes [BEX](http://eelst.cs.unibo.it:8089/), a Web-based tool for navigating bibliographic scholarly data expressed according to [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies).

Secondary publication
Bagnacani, A., Ciancarini, P., Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Vitali, F. (2015). The Semantic Lancet Project: a Linked Open Dataset for Scholarly Publishing. In Proceedings of Satellite Events of EKAW 2014, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 8982: 101-105 Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17966-7_10 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/bagnacani-2015-semantic-lancet-project.pdf

This poster paper briefly discuss the use of [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies) within the [Semantic Lancet project](http://www.semanticlancet.eu).

Secondary publication
Peroni, S. (2014). The Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies. In Semantic Web Technologies and Legal Scholarly Publishing: 121-193. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04777-5_5 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2014-semantic-publishing-referencing.pdf

This book chapter provides a first and quick introduction of the original eight [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies).

Secondary publication
Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Vitali, F., Zingoni, J. (2014). Semantic lenses as exploration method for scholarly articles. In Catarci, T., Ferro, N., Poggi, A. (Eds.), Bridging between Cultural Heritage Institutions - Proceedings of the 9th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries (IRCDL 2013) - Revised Selected Papers, Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS) 385: 118-129. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54347-0_13 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2014-semantic-lenses-exploration.pdf

This conference paper describes how to use [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies) according to a broader theory, called semantic lenses*, that decouples the semantic annotations to associate to documents into context-based and content-based dimensions.

Secondary publication
Daquino, M., Mambelli, F., Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Vitali, F. (2017). Enhancing semantic expressivity in the cultural heritage domain: exposing the Zeri Photo Archive as Linked Open Data. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage, 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3051487 Open Access at: https://w3id.org/people/essepuntato/papers/zeri-and-lode-jocch.html

This journal article shows the way the [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies) have been used and extended for describing photographs and their related metadata described according to an Italian model for photografic archives called [*Scheda F*](http://www.iccd.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/387/beni-fotografici).

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Vitali, F., Zingoni, J. (2014). Semantic lenses to bring digital and semantic publishing together. In Zhao, J., van Erp, M., Keßler, C., Kauppinen, T., van Ossenbruggen, J., van Hage, W. R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Science (LISC 2014), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1282: 12–23. Aachen, Germany: CEUR-WS.org. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1282/lisc2014_submission_6.pdf

This conference paper describes TAL, i.e., a prototypical application that enables the navigation and understanding of a scholarly document by processing its annotations written according to [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies).

Secondary publication
Peroni, S. (2012). Semantic Publishing: issues, solutions and new trends in scholarly publishing within the Semantic Web era. Ph. D. Thesis. Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, Italy. http://amsdottorato.cib.unibo.it/4766/ (Open Access)

Part of this Ph.D. thesis is dedicated to the description of the original eight [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies).

Secondary publication
Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2012). Faceted documents: describing document characteristics using semantic lenses. In Proceedings of the 2012 ACM symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng 2012): 191-194. New York, New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2361354.2361396 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-faceted-documents-describing.pdf

This conference paper is the first one about *semantic lenses*, i.e., a theory that decouples the semantic annotations to associate to documents into different semantical level. [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies) are then proposed as one of the possible ways for modelling specific lenses described by the theory.

Secondary publication
Peroni, S., Lapeyre, D. A., Shotton, D. (2012). From Markup to Linked Data: Mapping JATS to RDF using the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies. In Proceeding of the Journal Article Tag Suite Conference 2012 (JATS-Con 2012). Bethesda, Maryland, USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK100491/ (Open Access)

This conference paper describes the mapping between the [Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) markup language](http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/) and [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies).

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F., Ciancarini, P. (2017). Analysing and Discovering Semantic Relations in Scholarly Data. In Grana, C., Baraldi, L. (Eds.), Digital Libraries and Archives - 13th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries (IRCDL 2017) - Revised Selected Papers, Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS) 733: 3-19. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68130-6_1

This conference paper describes the use of [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies) within the [Semantic Lancet project](http://www.semanticlancet.eu) and the way these semantic statements are visualised by means of several interfaces.

Secondary publication
Peroni, S. (2017). A Simplified Agile Methodology for Ontology Development. In Proceedings of the 13th OWL: Experiences and Directions Workshop and 5th OWL reasoner evaluation workshop (OWLED-ORE 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54627-8_5 Open Access at: https://w3id.org/people/essepuntato/papers/samod-owled2016.html

This workshop paper introduced SAMOD, the Simplified Agile Methodology for Ontology Development, is a novel agile methodology for the development of ontologies – the first draft of the methodology has been proposed in 2010 as starting point for the development of the [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies).


BiDO: Bibliometric Data Ontology

Main publication
Osborne, F., Peroni, S., Motta, E. (2014). Clustering Citation Distributions for Semantic Categorization and Citation Prediction. In Zhao, J., van Erp, M., Keßler, C., Kauppinen, T., van Ossenbruggen, J., van Hage, W. R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Linked Science (LISC 2014), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1282: 24–35. Aachen, Germany: CEUR-WS.org. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1282/lisc2014_submission_9.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper introduces [BiDO](/ontologies/bido) and shows how it can be used for describing different bibliographic data associated to authors.


BiRO: Bibliographic Reference Ontology

Main publication
Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2014). Describing bibliographic references in RDF. In Garcia Castro, A., Lange, C., Lord, P., Stevens, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of 4th Workshop on Semantic Publishing (SePublica 2014), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1155. Aachen, Germany: CEUR-WS.org. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1155/paper-05.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper introduces [BiRO](/ontologies/bito) and [C4O](/ontologies/c4o) with several examples for demonstrating their use.


C4O: Citation Count and Context Characterization Ontology

Main publication
Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2014). Describing bibliographic references in RDF. In Garcia Castro, A., Lange, C., Lord, P., Stevens, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of 4th Workshop on Semantic Publishing (SePublica 2014), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1155. Aachen, Germany: CEUR-WS.org. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1155/paper-05.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper introduces [BiRO](/ontologies/bito) and [C4O](/ontologies/c4o) with several examples for demonstrating their use.


CiTO: Citation Typing Ontology

Main publication
Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 17 (December 2012): 33-43. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-fabio-cito-ontologies.pdf

This journal article introduces [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio) and [CiTO](/ontologies/cito) with details and examples, and illustrates which projects have already adopted them.

Secondary publication
Ciccarese, P., Shotton, D., Peroni, S., Clark, T. (2014). CiTO + SWAN: The Web Semantics of Bibliographic Records, Citations, Evidence and Discourse Relationships. In Semantic Web – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability, 5 (4): 295-311. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-130098 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/ciccarese-2014-cito-swan-semantics.pdf

This journal article introduces the harmonisation process done for including [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio) and [CiTO](/ontologies/cito) within the SWAN Ontology.

Secondary publication
Ciancarini, P., Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Vitali, F. (2014). Evaluating citation functions in CiTO: cognitive issues. In Presutti, V., d'Amato, C., Gandon, F., d'Aquin, M., Staab, S., Tordai, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2014), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8465: 580-594. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07443-6_39 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/ciancarini-2014-evaluating-citation-functions.pdf

This conference paper describes extensive experiments with humans for assessing how [CiTO](/ontologies/cito) properties have been understood and interpreted for annotation tasks.

Secondary publication
Ciancarini, P., Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S., Vitali, F. (2013). Semantic Annotation of Scholarly Documents and Citations. In Proceedings of 13th International Conference of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AI*IA 2013), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8249: 336-347. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03524-6_29 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/ciancarini-2013-semantic-annotation-scholarly.pdf

This conference paper introduces a theoretical framework for the knowledge management of scholarly data and then focuses on presenting the extention to CiTalO, a tool for the automatic identification of the nature of citations according to [CiTO](/ontologies/cito).

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S. (2013). Towards the automatic identification of the nature of citations. In García Castro, A., Lange, C., Lord, P., Stevens, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Semantic Publishing (SePublica 2013), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 994: 63-74. Aachen, Germany: CEUR-WS.org. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-994/paper-06.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper provides a first introduction of CiTalO, a tool for the automatic identification of the nature of citations according to [CiTO](/ontologies/cito).

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S. (2013). Characterising citations in scholarly documents: the CiTalO framework. In Cimiano, P., Fernández, M., Lopez, V., Schlobach, S., Völker, J. (Eds.), ESWC 2013 Satellite Events - Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7955. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41242-4_6 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/di-iorio-2013-characterising-citations-scholarly.pdf

This workshop paper introduces CiTalO, a tool for the automatic identification of the nature of citations according to [CiTO](/ontologies/cito).

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Nuzzolese, A. G., Peroni, S. (2013). Identifying functions of citations with CiTalO. In Cimiano, P., Fernández, M., Lopez, V., Schlobach, S., Völker, J. (Eds.), ESWC 2013 Satellite Events - Revised Selected Papers, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7955: 231-235. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41242-4_30 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/di-iorio-2013-identifying-functions-citations.pdf

This demo paper shows CiTalO in action when it tries to automatically identify the nature of citations according to [CiTO](/ontologies/cito).

Secondary publication
Shotton, D., Peroni, S. (2010). Semantic annotation of publication entities. Presented during the Beyond the PDF Workshop. La Jolla, California, USA. http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/shotton-2010-semantic-annotation-publication.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper provides a quick introduction on four [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies), i.e., [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio), [CiTO](/ontologies/cito), [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [PWO](/ontologies/pwo).

Secondary publication
Shotton, D. (2010). CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology. In Journal of Biomedical Semantics, 1 (Suppl 1):S6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-1480-1-S1-S6

This journal article describes the version 1.6 of [CiTO](/ontologies/cito), before separating out from CiTO those aspects describing bibliographic entities, the quantification of citations, and the status of publications into three different ontologies, i.e., [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio), [C4O](/ontologies/c4o) and [PSO](/ontologies/pso).

Secondary publication
Shotton, D., Portwin, K., Klyne, G., Miles, A. (2009). Adventures in Semantic Publishing: Exemplar Semantic Enhancements of a Research Article. In PLoS Computational Biology, 5(4): e1000361. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000361

This journal paper describes good practices for the semantic enhancements of research articles by using RDF and, in particular, the terms of the version 1.6 of [CiTO](/ontologies/cito).


DEO: Discourse Elements Ontology

Main publication
Constantin, A., Peroni, S., Pettifer, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2016). The Document Components Ontology (DoCO). In Semantic Web – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability, 7 (2): 167-181. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-150177

This journal article introduces [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [DEO](/ontologies/deo) with details about the main part of their classes, and several examples of use.

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F., Shotton, D. (2013). Recognising document components in XML-based academic articles. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng 2013): 181-184. New York, New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2494266.2494319 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/di-iorio-2013-recognising-document-components.pdf

This conference paper introduces the first version of an algorithm to retrieve [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [DEO](/ontologies/deo) structures from XML-based academic articles.


DoCO: Document Components Ontology

Main publication
Constantin, A., Peroni, S., Pettifer, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2016). The Document Components Ontology (DoCO). In Semantic Web – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability, 7 (2): 167-181. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-150177

This journal article introduces [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [DEO](/ontologies/deo) with details about the main part of their classes, and several examples of use.

Secondary publication
Di Iorio, A., Peroni, S., Poggi, F., Vitali, F., Shotton, D. (2013). Recognising document components in XML-based academic articles. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng 2013): 181-184. New York, New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2494266.2494319 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/di-iorio-2013-recognising-document-components.pdf

This conference paper introduces the first version of an algorithm to retrieve [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [DEO](/ontologies/deo) structures from XML-based academic articles.

Secondary publication
Shotton, D., Peroni, S. (2010). Semantic annotation of publication entities. Presented during the Beyond the PDF Workshop. La Jolla, California, USA. http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/shotton-2010-semantic-annotation-publication.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper provides a quick introduction on four [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies), i.e., [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio), [CiTO](/ontologies/cito), [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [PWO](/ontologies/pwo).


FaBiO: FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology

Main publication
Peroni, S., Shotton, D. (2012). FaBiO and CiTO: ontologies for describing bibliographic resources and citations. In Journal of Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, 17 (December 2012): 33-43. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.websem.2012.08.001 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-fabio-cito-ontologies.pdf

This journal article introduces [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio) and [CiTO](/ontologies/cito) with details and examples, and illustrates which projects have already adopted them.

Secondary publication
Ciccarese, P., Shotton, D., Peroni, S., Clark, T. (2014). CiTO + SWAN: The Web Semantics of Bibliographic Records, Citations, Evidence and Discourse Relationships. In Semantic Web – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability, 5 (4): 295-311. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-130098 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/ciccarese-2014-cito-swan-semantics.pdf

This journal article introduces the harmonisation process done for including [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio) and [CiTO](/ontologies/cito) within the SWAN Ontology.

Secondary publication
Gonano, C. M., Mambelli, F., Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Vitali, F. (2014). Zeri e LODE: Extracting the Zeri photo archive to linked open data: formalizing the conceptual model. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL 2014): 289–298. Washington, District Columbia, USA: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/JCDL.2014.6970182 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/gonano-2014-zeri-lode-extracting.pdf

This conference paper introduces an extension of [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio) for describing photographs and their related metadata described according to an Italian model for photografic archives called [*Scheda F*](http://www.iccd.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/387/beni-fotografici).

Secondary publication
Shotton, D., Peroni, S. (2010). Semantic annotation of publication entities. Presented during the Beyond the PDF Workshop. La Jolla, California, USA. http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/shotton-2010-semantic-annotation-publication.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper provides a quick introduction on four [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies), i.e., [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio), [CiTO](/ontologies/cito), [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [PWO](/ontologies/pwo).


Five*: Five Stars of Online Research Articles Ontology

Main publication
Shotton, D. (2012). The Five Stars of Online Journal Articles - a Framework for Article Evaluation. In D-Lib Magazine, 18 (1/2). https://doi.org/10.1045/january2012-shotton (Open Access)

This magazine article describes five factors — peer review, open access, enriched content, available datasets and machine-readable metadata — as the Five Stars of Online Journal Articles, a constellation of five independent criteria within a multi-dimensional publishing universe against which online journal articles can be evaluated, to see how well they match up with current visions for enhanced research communications.


FR: FAIR* Reviews Ontology


PRO: Publishing Roles Ontology

Main publication
Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2012). Scholarly publishing and Linked Data: describing roles, statuses, temporal and contextual extents. In Sack, H., Pellegrini, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Semantic Systems (i-Semantics 2012): 9-16. New York, New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2362499.2362502 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-scholarly-publishing-linked.pdf

This conference paper introduces [PRO](/ontoloties/pro) and [PSO](/ontologies/pso) with details about their theorical foundations, and by discusssing several examples of use.

Secondary publication
Daquino, M., Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Vitali, F. (2014). Political Roles Ontology (PRoles): Enhancing Archival Authority Records through Semantic Web Technologies. In Agosti, M., Catarci, T., Esposito, F. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries (IRCDL 2014), Procedia Computer Science 38: 60–67. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2014.10.012 (Open Access)

This conference paper introduces an extension of [PRO](/ontologies/pro) for describing political roles and their related cultural and historical contexts.

Secondary publication
Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Vitali, F. (2013). The aggregation of heterogeneous metadata in Web-based cultural heritage collections. A case study. In International Journal of Web Engineering and Technologies, 8 (4): 412-432. Olney, Buckinghamshire, UK: Inderscience Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWET.2013.059107 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2013-aggregation-heterogeneous-metadata.pdf

This journal article shows how to use [PRO](/ontologies/pro) for describing the information about the roles of the various artists and other people in [Europeana](http://www.europeana.eu).

Secondary publication
Peroni, S., Tomasi, F., Vitali, F. (2013). Reflecting on the Europeana Data Model. In Agosti, M., Esposito, F., Ferilli, S., Ferro, N. (Eds.), Digital Libraries and Archives - Proceedings of the 8th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries (IRCDL 2012) - Revised Selected Papers, Communications in Computer and Information Science (CCIS) 354: 228-240. Berlin, Germany: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35834-0_23 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2013-reflecting-europeana-data.pdf

This conference paper provides a preliminary discussion on the use [PRO](/ontologies/pro) for describing the information about the roles of the various artists and other people in [Europeana](http://www.europeana.eu).


PSO: Publishing Status Ontology

Main publication
Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2012). Scholarly publishing and Linked Data: describing roles, statuses, temporal and contextual extents. In Sack, H., Pellegrini, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Semantic Systems (i-Semantics 2012): 9-16. New York, New York, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2362499.2362502 Open Access at: http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/peroni-2012-scholarly-publishing-linked.pdf

This conference paper introduces [PRO](/ontoloties/pro) and [PSO](/ontologies/pso) with details about their theorical foundations, and by discusssing several examples of use.


PWO: Publishing Workflow Ontology

Main publication
Gangemi, A., Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2014). The Publishing Workflow Ontology (PWO). In Semantic Web – Interoperability, Usability, Applicability, 8 (5): 703-718. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-160230 Open Access at: http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj1301.pdf

This journal article introduces the latest version of [PWO](/ontologies/pwo), discussing the adopted pattern-based modelling process and introducing two examples of its application.

Secondary publication
Gangemi, A., Peroni, S., Shotton, D., Vitali, F. (2014). A pattern-based ontology for describing publishing workflows. In de Boer, V., Gangemi, A., Janowicz, K., Lawrynowicz, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Ontology and Semantic Web Patterns (WOP 2014), CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1302: 2–13. Aachen, Germany: CEUR-WS.org. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1302/paper1.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper introduces the former version of [PWO](/ontologies/pwo), discussing the adopted pattern-based modelling process and introducing two examples of its application.

Secondary publication
Shotton, D., Peroni, S. (2010). Semantic annotation of publication entities. Presented during the Beyond the PDF Workshop. La Jolla, California, USA. http://speroni.web.cs.unibo.it/publications/shotton-2010-semantic-annotation-publication.pdf (Open Access)

This workshop paper provides a quick introduction on four [SPAR Ontologies](/ontologies), i.e., [FaBiO](/ontologies/fabio), [CiTO](/ontologies/cito), [DoCO](/ontologies/doco) and [PWO](/ontologies/pwo).